This error message results from the application of a Conditional Access Policy on your tenant that blocks users from accessing cloud resources using a non-compliant device. The compliance state of a device is evaluated by Intune. To check which compliance policies you have active in your environment, head to:

To resolve the issue, either fix the device’s compliance state or exclude the user from the Conditional Access Policy.
To fix the compliance state, head into All Devices | Intune, click on the impacted device, and then “Device Compliance“. From there, you can see which policy makes the device not compliant and which setting is “at fault”.

If you are looking to understand which Conditional Access Policy is blocking the user, check out this guide:
To learn more, visit: Get started with device compliance | Intune
To drill down on this type of Conditional Access Policy control, check out this link:
Conditional Access: Require compliant or hybrid Azure AD joined device
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